Signs and Symptoms Of Anal Cancer

• Rectal bleeding
• Pain or pressure in the anus or rectum
• Itching or discharge from the anus
• A lump near the anus

Types of Anal Cancer

Several types of cancer can occur in the anus, including:

• Squamous cell carcinoma: The most common type of anal cancer, originating in the thin, flat cells lining the anus.
• Adenocarcinoma: This type starts in the glandular cells of the anus.
• Basal cell carcinoma: A less common form that starts in the basal cells of the anus.

When to Consult a Doctor

If you notice any persistent symptoms such as rectal bleeding or a lump near the anus, you should consult a doctor for an evaluation.

Causes

The main cause of anal cancer is infection with HPV. Other risk factors include smoking, having multiple sexual partners, and a weakened immune system.

Risk Factors Involved in Anal Cancer

• HPV infection: The most significant risk factor for anal cancer.
• Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of anal cancer.
• Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV/AIDS can raise the risk.

Anal Cancer Diagnosis

To diagnose anal cancer, the following methods may be used:

• Digital rectal exam (DRE): A physical examination where the doctor feels for lumps or abnormalities.
• Anoscopy: A procedure using a short tube to look inside the anus.
• Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken for laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of cancer.

Stages of Anal Cancer

The stages of anal cancer range from 0 to 4, indicating the extent of cancer spread:

Stage 0: Cancer is confined to the inner lining of the anus.

Stage 1: Cancer has grown into the muscle layer of the anus.

Stage 2: Cancer has spread beyond the muscle layer but not to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 3: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the liver or lungs.

Treatment Of Anal Cancer

Surgical Intervention

Depending on the cancer stage, surgery may be necessary. Surgical options include:

• Local resection: Removal of the tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue.
• Abdominoperineal resection: Removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the colon, often required for advanced stages.

Chemotherapy

• Chemotherapy drugs may be used to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells, often combined with radiation therapy.

Radiation Therapy

• Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

• Targeted therapy drugs attack specific mutations in cancer cells, minimizing damage to normal cells.